Wednesday, March 30, 2011

My Calgary transportation study, released today

I've spent a good chunk of the last few months working on a study of Calgary's light rail transit (C-Train) system, which was released today by the Frontier Centre for Public Policy. I've had a long standing interest in LRT systems, and spent the summer of 2009 working for the Cascade Policy Institute in Oregon, where we compiled massive amounts of data on their world renowned LRT system as part of an ongoing project. The data (including actual field research, which proponents of the system haven't done--they rely on survey data), indicates that ridership is lower, and costs are far higher than proponents believe.

That first hand experience (which included riding the train every day), coupled with the empirical literature from light rail systems across North America, shattered my previous conviction that light rail transit can be an economical method of transit. For the record, I do believe that subways can be profitable in dense urban cores (even the badly managed TTC nearly breaks even), and buses already are profitable in many cases (especially inter-urban bus services, such as Greyhound and Megabus). Many proponents of LRT believe that it is a happy medium between subways and buses. If that were the case, it would be profitable. However, LRT combines the disadvantages of the two: it is slow, inflexible, and expensive. Numerous studies, in particular an authoritative study by the non-partisan United States Government Accountability Office, have demonstrated that on average, buses are a cheaper, faster, and more flexible than LRT for providing mass transit.

While I use many different metrics to demonstrate that the costs and benefits of LRT are wildly exaggerated, my favorite is that Calgary spends both the most on transit and the most on roads per-capita. Given that Calgary's entire land use and transportation framework for the past several decades has been built around the C-Train, it is hard to call it anything but a failure. The City has cracked down on parking so aggressively to encourage people to ride the train that there are only 0.07 parking spaces per employee in the central business district. Because of this, Calgary is tied with New York for the highest parking prices on the continent. But many of those people who would otherwise have parked downtown instead park in the free parking spots provided at C-Train stations. Not only is free parking horribly inefficient, but this also emphasizes one of the major contradictions of the C-Train: it isn't getting people out of their cars, and it isn't helping to curb urban sprawl--two of its primary goals.

Unsurprisingly, those last two findings proved controversial, though not as controversial as my assertion that the C-Train fails to help the urban poor. A columnist for the Calgary Herald wrote an angry response to my Herald article that accompanied the story (though doesn't seem to have read the study). She attempts to refute my arguments about urban sprawl, and the impact of the C-Train on the poor, while dismissing the study as "a cost-benefit analysis guaranteed to resonate with other right wingers who share the mantra of lower taxes above all else, including over the reality of everyday experience." I'm not clear on when cost-benefit analysis became a right wing concept, but I'll let that one go. I will, however, address her two criticisms in short order.

The idea that urban transit could worsen sprawl seems odd. The reason why it does so in Calgary is because the C-Train network is built on a hub and spoke model. What this means is that transit is concentrated on going from the outskirts, into the city center. Since LRT is so expensive, and since people need to be 'collected' by buses to get to LRT stations, the city has less resources to provide transit circling the core, or travelling east-west. And if you can't provide good transit for people who aren't living along LRT lines, and don't work along one of the lines, people are just going to keep moving further out (hence the highest road costs in the nation). Here's what Calgary Transit's current planning manager has to say about the C-Train's impact on sprawl:

"In one respect, it should allow Calgary to be a more compact city, but what it's done is it's actually allowed Calgary to continue to develop outward because it was so easy to get to the LRT and then get other places," says Neil McKendrick, Calgary Transit's current planning manager."

While that comment is true for those who can afford to live by LRT stations (or to drive to them), it doesn't apply to the city's poorest. As it happens, LRT lines raise the cost of adjacent housing(though for proximate high end housing it lowers the value--hardly a concern for the poor)--by $1045 for every 100 feet closer to a rail station. This isn't a terribly complicated concept. If you spend a massive amount of money on a form of transit that is considered to luxurious, the price of housing goes up. This is exacerbated by the fact that diverting transit resources to those areas makes transit there comparatively better, making it that much more desirable comparatively for people who intend to use transit at all--even as just an occasional amenity, say for going downtown on weekends. LRT is great for people who can afford to live by the stations, but not so much for anyone else.

Unfortunately, for many, light rail transit has become a sacred cow. But if Calgary is ever going to have adequate rapid transit, the City will need to explore more cost effective options. Buses may not be trendy, but expanding BRT in Calgary would dramatically improve people's mobility at a reasonable cost. Fortunately, the current Mayor has acknowledged that BRT will have to be part of the solution for making Calgary a transit friendly city. He also made the wise decision of de-prioritizing the southeast LRT extension (expected to cost $1.2-$1.8 billion). If the Mayor follows up on his promise to make BRT an integral part of Calgary Transit in the short term, the City will not only have far better transit, but it will have a chance to watch the LRT and BRT operating side by side so that the people can decide for themselves whether the the billion plus required to build the Southeast LRT is worthwhile. My bet is on BRT.

2 comments:

  1. Someone needs to visit Ottawa where BRT has, unfortunately, been imposed on the populace. The result of this foolish decision has been stagnant ridership growth and routine bus jams in downtown Ottawa. It's hardly surprising when one considers that travelling in a bucking articulated bus going along at 80 km/h or more on filthy (salt and grit) heaving roads is an assault on the senses: it's incredibly noisy, you can't escape being knocked about whether seated or standing and the road gunk is sprayed all over the windows, so you can't even look outside much of the time. The combination of salt infiltration and jarring results in many buses being put out of service; the surface of the busways is always in poor condition due to the punishment meted out by the sheer volume of buses travelling along them. After a quarter century of this nonsense, Ottawa has finally taken the first steps towards correcting this historic mistake by embarking on converting the core of the system to light rail. Ottawa has a pilot light rail system, the O-Train, and the moment one gets aboard it after having been on the buses one's stress level comes down several notches: there's little noise, the windows are clean, there's no bucking.

    On just about any conceivable measure, Ottawa's BRT system ("The Transitway") has been a failure. It's not hard to see why: it's bus-based. Busways are designed like highways; in fact they were designed by highway engineers looking for work after their highway expansion plans got canned. The stations are large and unpleasant and no one wants to be anywhere near them - a number of Ottawa's Transitway stations sit in fields or other out-of-the way places. The single-seat ride model also means that many stations are devoid of passengers even at the busiest times. Buses travelling along busways make far more noise than to light rail trains along rails, so it becomes something that people wish to get away from and shield themselves from rather it becoming integrated into its surroundings. The use of buses also requires far more grade separation than light rail, which pushes up capital costs. One of the dirty little secrets about BRT is that it can easily cost as much as light rail because any savings on not building tracks and overhead wiring can easily be lost through having to sink it into long trenches with lots of bridges and overbuilt stations. It also requires a wider right of way and the footprint for stations means that the options for siting stations are considerably reduced and/or require more expropriation. "BRT" is only a viable option if it can be run largely on existing roads; once it gets to the point where it requires its own highway-like roads separated from all others by bridges, it quickly becomes a money pit - and that point is reached at a fairly low volume unless freeways are being used.

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  2. Some of the claims made in this post are laughable. In particular, the notion that hub-and-spoke systems worsen sprawl. Ottawa, with its BRT system, uses a "one seat ride" operational model of direct-to-downtown "express" bus services. Whatever merit there is in the argument that hub-and-spoke worsens sprawl, the single-seat ride system is even worse because it attempts to mimic the car. The express bus system consumes so many resources that there are even fewer left over for non-downtown-oriented trips. It's really quite simple: buses that are travelling downtown are not available for anything else. If the radial portion of the trip was replaced by rail and the buses limited to carrying out the collector portion of the trip, then numerous buses would be freed up for non-downtown oriented travel. Calgary has clearly decided to use those savings for things other than providing "orbital" or cross-town transit service; in Ottawa the savings don't even exist. In other words, the lack of such service in Calgary was a decision that can be changed; in Ottawa it's a constraint imposed by the nature of the transit system.

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